OSSD-分子遗传学Molecular

　　OSSD的SBI4U生物课程是一个全面而又具学习趣味性的科目。与传统教育不同的是OSSD的课程涉及面广泛，需要同学们的独立思考。

　　分子遗传学是在分子水平上研究生物遗传和变异机制的遗传学分支学科。经典遗传学的研究课题主要是基因在亲代和子代之间的传递问题；分子遗传学则主要研究基因的本质、基因的功能以及基因的变化等问题。分子遗传学的早期研究都用微生物为材料，它的形成和发展与微生物遗传学和生物化学有密切关系。

　　Molecular genetics is a branch of genetics that studies the mechanisms of biological inheritance and variation at the molecular level.The research topic of classical genetics is the transmission of genes between parents and offspring.Molecular genetics studies the nature,function and changes of genes.The early studies of molecular genetics all used microorganisms as materials,and their formation and development are closely related to microbial genetics and biochemistry.

　　说到分子遗传学，最重要的就是基因。基因（遗传因子）是产生一条多肽链或功能RNA所需的全部核苷酸序列。基因支持着生命的基本构造和性能。储存着生命的种族、血型、孕育、生长、凋亡等过程的全部信息。环境和遗传的互相依赖，演绎着生命的繁衍、细胞分裂和蛋白质合成等重要生理过程。生物体的生、长、衰、病、老、死等一切生命现象都与基因有关。它也是决定生命健康的内在因素。

　　When it comes to molecular genetics,the most important thing is genes.A gene(genetic factor)is the sequence of all nucleotides required to produce a polypeptide chain or functional RNA.Genes support the basic structure and properties of life.It contains all the information about the race,blood

type,gestation,growth,apoptosis and other processes of life.The interdependence of environment and heredity deduces the important physiological processes of life,such as reproduction,cell division and protein synthesis.The birth,growth,decay,disease,aging,death and other life phenomena are all related to genes.It is also an intrinsic factor that determines the health of life.

　　子遗传学是从微生物遗传学发展起来的。虽然分子遗传学研究已逐渐转向真核生物方面，但是以原核生物为材料的分子遗传学研究还占很大的比重。此外，由于微生物便于培养，所以在分子遗传学和重组DNA技术中，微生物遗传学的研究仍将占有重要的位置。

　　分子遗传学方法还可以用来研究蛋白质的结构和功能。例如可以筛选得到一系列使某一蛋白质失去某一活性的突变型。应用基因精细结构分析可以测定这些突变位点在基因中的位置；另外通过顺序分析可以测定各个突变型中氨基酸的替代，从而判断蛋白质的哪一部分和特定的功能有关，以及什么氨基酸的替代影响这一功能等等。

　　Molecular genetics evolved from microbial genetics.Although the research of molecular genetics has gradually turned to eukaryotes,the research of molecular genetics based on prokaryotes still occupies a large proportion.In addition,microbial genetics will continue to play an important role in molecular genetics and recombinant DNA technology due to the convenience of microbial culture.

　　Molecular genetic methods can also be used to study the structure and function of proteins.For example,you can screen for a series of mutations that inactivate a protein.The location of these mutation sites in genes can be determined by using gene fine structure analysis.In addition,sequence analysis can determine the substitution of amino acids in each mutant,so as to determine which part of the protein is related to the specific function,and what amino acid substitution affects the function,etc.

　　通过这一系列的探索和发展，让学生们发现了生物的趣味。

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